Essay on Self-Harm Due to the Media - 870 Words

Media surrounds everyone living in every part of the world. Whether media is seen in the form of television shows and commercials, magazines, movies, billboards, and newspapers, media is everywhere. You may not notice it, but you cannot go anywhere, or do anything, without coming across some sort of media. Although few media messages may be considered positive, the truth is the media is detrimental to teens in America today. These messages destroy teens’ body image which sadly leads to self harm. Not only can the media lead to self-harm, it also leads to many teens developing unhealthy habits in order to live up to the perceived perfection that they see throughout the media. Equally important, the growing numbers of teens with insecurities†¦show more content†¦Heartbreakingly, â€Å"For some of these youth, cutting or burning themselves numbs away unpleasant thoughts and feelings or they feel high from the experience† (â€Å"Adolescent Self Harm.† 1). It is undeniable that media can be the cause of many teens harming themselves because they don’t think they look like the pictures in the magazine. The opposing side needs to recognize the fact that unhealthy habits can come from the media. As many people know, eating disorders are unhealthy habits that are an outcome of someone focusing on how to change their body to the seemingly flawless body they see in the magazine, and not how beautiful their body already is. â€Å"Eating disorders -- such as anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder – include extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. Eating ailments are serious emotional and physical problems that can have life-threatening consequences for females and males† (General Information. 1). According to the experts in the National Eating Disorder Association, approximately 500,000 teens struggle with eating disorders. In most cases, a person’s affliction advances from a strict diet that they put themself on. Those who have eating ailments either make themself starve, vomit, or eat a large quantity of food, and then vom it. Either way, it will damage the bodies of eating disorder sufferers. In conclusion, it is sad to say that the media has such an effect on people that they would establishShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1648 Words   |  7 Pages I’ve learned that everything that glitters ain’t gold. In my middle school days I’ve experienced the negative effects of social media, Now when I say social media, I’m referring to Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. By me being very active on social media I’ve been taunted, teased, threatened and harassed along with having low- self esteem and some suicidal thoughts . According to a recent study in the JAMA pediatrics, 23% of teens report they are or have been the target of cyberbullyingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn the twenty-first century, social media plays an extensive part in most people’s lives. Instagram, Twitter, and many other social networks can cause adverse psychological harm and even lead to physical harm. Although many may argue that social media pertains to be useful, there prove to be more harmful aspects rather than helpful aspects of these media sites. These effects are not only psychological, but they may also be physical. Not only do social networks cause depression, anxiety, and cyberbullyingRead MoreThe Inclination of Today’s Youths Towards Self-Harm658 Words   |  3 Pagesnon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).Teenagers are feeling pressures from typical insecurities of low self-esteem, body image, fashion trends, bullying, pressures from friends, and family issues. As a result, teens are turning to the internet for strategies of how to deal with the pressures of life, making this topic more of a public enigma, than a private suffering issue. NSSI is a growing phenomenon and parents and psychologists should advocate safe internet sites, and force social media outlets to provideRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Social Media1049 Words   |  5 PagesSome people may wonder what effect social media has on people worldwide. Many people are using social media daily and because of that, they might not know the effects that can be lurking behind a screen and causing harm to their mental health. Social media has many negative effects on mental health. Some people could think that mental health and social media has no relation, when it does. It is a fast-growing issue with many â€Å"cause and effect† reasons behind it. Each cause needs to be recognizedRead MoreNegative Effects of Social Media on Teens Essay examples1034 Words   |  5 PagesFrom thintastic blogs to suicide stories, social media has become not only a source of conversation but a gateway to harmful suggestions that many teenagers see and believe to be allowable, when in fact the situations proposed are dangerous to those who attempt them. Statistics show that 20% of anorexic teenagers will die prematurely, and 8 0% of teenagers who commit suicide are depressed (South). Social media has glorified and brought to attention eating disorders, depression, and suicide amongRead MoreCyber Bullying : The Third Leading Cause Death For American Youths901 Words   |  4 Pageswhich involves the infliction of physical harm, emotional bullying which includes verbal harassment or teasing and social bullying when someone is purposefully excluded (Novick, 2013). One definition for cyber bullying is, â€Å"the intentional and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, or other electronic devices†, (Chisholm, 2014, p. 78). Cyber bullying can also be defined as, â€Å"any behavior performed through electronic or digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedlyRead MoreSocial Media And Current Technology Availability For Children And Young Adults1723 Words   |  7 PagesThis is just the beginning Social media have grown tremendously this past couple years. The number of social media websites has increased from single digit to double digit different sites in the course of 10 years. Facebook, established in 2004, has become a vital part of people’s everyday lives. With this website, there is a â€Å"friend† system, which the users can communicate with each other through messages, comments, posts, or group system. Serving to connect people from around the world, FacebookRead MoreThe Internet and Social Media1212 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolution we have gone through has brought about many new things into our daily lives. The birth of social media has completely changed technology, and they way we use it. We can now communicate with each other from anywhere around the world. We can update people on our current location. We can have a conversation over text. We can inform people exactly what we are doing at any given time. Social media has boomed in our society, and i s only getting more and more popular. With sites like Twitter, FacebookRead MoreSocial Medi The Start Of No Self Esteem1543 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Social Media: The Start of No Self-Esteem Social media increases strong traits of low self-esteem in many different age groups, by unachievable physical appearance, the negative messages media leaves, and never being able to achieve a persistence private life. There is a continuing cause of low self-esteem since it was created, girls and boys always having posts, comments, and pictures weighing on their shoulders. Social media as defined by the Oxford Dictionary as, â€Å"Social media noun [treatedRead MoreIs Cyberbullying Becoming An Added Struggle Of Mental Health Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch, gaming and social media. Social media uses the internet framework to connect people through electronic communication this an advantage for students to update others on their current status and location a disadvantage is when students tend to become reliant upon social media for other reasons. Which consequently, is a disadvantage when the social network is utilised to cause detrimental harm. Cyberbullying is derived from using electronics aggressively to cause harm. Due to the growing number

The Expansion Of The United States - 1078 Words

The expansion of the United States into the territory west of the Mississippi River began with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the nation with a great deal of $15 million from France. While, American development was influenced by westward expansion, the purchasing of more land created controversy. Many disagreed with the idea of expanding and taking over land because Indians who already occupied the land wasn’t included in the agreement that was made and the Constitution did not have any thing that supported this idea. Although, the Louisiana Purchase showed Jefferson s ability to make a logical political decision, it was opposed by Federalists who questioned the purchase and his ability. They were oblivious to the fact that United States was going to become powerful and progress with growth. United States expansion was a fulfillment of manifest destiny because the U.S. was obligated to spread and so it was necessary, inevitable and desira ble that the Americans did this. Expansion westward seemed perfectly natural to the United States. The American believed that god was the one who destined them to expand their land. John O’Sullivan believes that American had to fulfill the concept of manifest destiny because god given them the right. He also believes American had to spread and conquer anything and everyone as they grew across the North American continent. In his writing titled Great Nation of Futurity (1839), he writes â€Å"We areShow MoreRelatedThe Expansion Of The United States1638 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolve colonizing land, buying it, or even going to war over it. The Unites States started off in 1607 when Englishmen colonized and founded Jamestown, Virginia while the Indian people lived in the land . In 1803 President Jefferson acted beyond the constitution and made the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the United States in size, because he did not want the French people in North America . The expansion of the United States continued throughout the years . In 1846 war started with Mexico, since MexicoRead MoreThe Expansion Of The United States1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe belief of the Manifest Destiny, that caused the westward expansion and led to many wars between all different types of people and the different countries that used the land. The expansion allowed for the lifespan to increase, the economy blossomed, and the main goal was accomplished which was getting occupation of America from ocean coast to ocean coast. In the early 1800s the United States started their goal of the westward expansion. The idea of Manifest Destiny helped Americans to advance theirRead MoreThe Expansion Of The United States1200 Words   |  5 Pages The progress of expansion in the United States is one filled with complicated, complex, and irrational decisions. Geographically, North America changed dramatically by having the landmass grow, through discovery, by at least doubling what it was before. The European discovery of North America, the Mississippian shatter zone, Louisiana Purchase, and the Mexican-American war are all historical events that changed the path and future of America dramatically, through the making of controversial decisionsRead MoreExpansion Of The United States1761 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States expanded territorially in many different ways. One of the main ways was war, also purchasing land or just taking land, as they did to the Indians. There were many points of view on expanding te rritorially and many reasons why or why not the United States should expand. The ideas of manifest destiny, imperialism, social darwinism, and the fear that if the United States didn’t join in and try to acquire land then there would be no land left for them. They would be inferior to otherRead MoreThe Expansion Of The United States840 Words   |  4 PagesSimilar to the oppressive structure of the United States, which favors residents of a higher socioeconomic status, and favors the dominant culture while oppressing minorities (primarily poor blacks and Hispanics), Jerusalem’s structure is oppressive to Palestinians. Yes, Jerusalem’s growth politics are concerned (partially) with economics, but the driving force here is maintaining and expanding Jewish control through claim of space, and by oppressing Palestinians through displacement. When buildingRead MoreExpansion Of The United States1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States of America is a flawless nam e for the country. It is afterward all countless states united. But to have states you have to have earth for those states. Before those stats come to be earth they have to be a frontier, or as described by Webster’s Dictionary, â€Å"A span that forms the margin of stayed or industrialized territory.† American past has been in a colossal degree Tethe past of the settlement of the Outstanding West. Expansion of the United States can be drew from the earlyRead MoreExpansion Of The United States1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States of America is a flawless name for the country. It is afterward all countless states united. But to have states you have to have earth for those states. Before those stats come to be earth they have to be a frontier, or as described by Webster’s Dictionary, â€Å"A span that forms the margin of stayed or industrialized territory.† American past has been in a colossal degree Tethe past of the settlement of the Outstanding West. Expansion of the United States can be drew from the earlyRead MoreThe Expansion Of The United States Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States in 1973 had spent the past two decades in the largest economic boom of world history. The rapid growth of industry and expansion of the automobile industry that characterized this time period led the U.S. to comprise a staggering 30% of the world’s total energy consumption, the chief source of which was oil. However, the U.S. only contained 6% of the world’s known oil reserves, so there was no way it could meet it’s own demands through domestic production alone. This created a hugeRead MoreThe Expansion Of The United States1246 Words   |  5 PagesFor states all through the nation in the not so distant future, there s a typical topic: an atmosphere of instability coupled with a feeling of veritable open door. In the midst of stresses over the national government s disappointment to help financing for framework, n umerous states are making moves to create that subsidizing all alone. Congress appears to have stalled—once more in its endeavors to change the movement framework, however states are sanctioning bills intended to give new rightsRead MoreThe Westward Expansion Of The United States960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Westward expansion began for the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. For $15 million dollars, President Thomas Jefferson purchased from France 828,000 square miles, including most of 14 current states, thus doubling the size of America. Jefferson now had the land, but how to populate it was another story. On a three year expedition, Lewis and Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore the lands to get a better understanding of the geography and resources of the West. During the 1830s

Identity Every Person is a Story Essay - 1050 Words

Identity is the concept of knowing yourself by following a lineage and other factors that make a person (Korfmacher, 25). In most cases of identification, individual is supposed to follow his or her background and affiliate with a group. In this case, a group can be family, tribe, nation, culture, and many others. As already mentioned, many people find it easy to identify with a group, but this is not the case of many people as well. Some individuals have struggled with what is commonly known as an identity crisis. There are many factors that have led to such unfamiliar cases, and the cases are unfamiliar because everybody is expected to affiliate with a group. The basic group a person can identify with is a family which gives an†¦show more content†¦A close-knit family is the strength of every individual, and family unity makes one stronger both psychologically and socially. And as said, nuclear family is everything as far as family matters are concerned. Nuclear family is the foundation of individual’s identity. The strength of the nuclear family makes one belong and feel loved. This concept is evident in Updike’s book â€Å"Separating† where Richard Maple and his wife, Joan Maple are facing a divorce. As a matter of family unity, the two are getting had to break the news to the family (Updike, 35). The family is facing a daunting task as they know the problem will severely affect their children, and the question is lingering in the head of Mr. and Mrs. The reaction of the children is the worry the couples are trying to anticipate. In trying to get to the bottom of the matter, the two finally break the news with the reaction not very pleasing. In this scenario, it can be deduced that parents’ decision in a nuclear family plays a crucial role in strengthening the bond. Children raised by both parents grow up healthy and mentally stable. As said in the begging, a person’s story highlights many things about his or her background which in this case is the family tree. It is a noble idea for one to know his or her family from the great grandparents to the current family. Family tree is followed in different ways, and the most notable way is the use of surname. Use of family name is very crucial because it hasShow MoreRelatedLost Names Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ True Identity There comes a point in time in an individual’s life in which their name truly becomes a part of their identity. A name is more than just a title to differentiate people; it is a part of the person. In Lost Names: Scenes from a Korean Boyhood by Richard E. Kim, names play a major role on the character’s identities. The absence and importance of the names in the story make the story rich with detail and identity through something as simple as the name of a character. Names are aRead MoreComparative Analysis Of The School Days Of An Indian Girl1235 Words   |  5 Pagesshows us a view of ethnic identity. By telling us how a little girl is in a home, away from her mother, while learning how to adapt to the new culture she’s in. In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, it shows us a different view of a man in another form of an ethnic identity. It shows us that the man is seen as a different person then who he really is, instead of a black man who isn’t seen as wh at he actually is. In Why I am A Pagan by Zitkala-sa, it used cultural identity by focusing on how the worldRead MoreDragon s Identity By Maxine Hong Kingston s 1976 The Woman Warrior1623 Words   |  7 PagesDragon’s identity Having two identities is like mastering the dragon ways. In Maxine Hong Kingston’s 1976 The Woman Warrior, she retells about her autobiography in a fictional way and greatly magnifies the art of storytelling. Maxine introduces with the story about her unknown aunt and then transitioning to her favorite story about a woman warrior, Fa Mu Lan. Then she explores about her mother’s past, sister, and interaction with herself. She truly connects every part of the story and createsRead MoreAlice In Wonderland Identity Crisis Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Carroll Alice Adventures in Wonderland is a story that every child wanted to read in the Victorian Era. The education system of the Victorian Era limited the thoughts, speech and actions of individuals. People were the product of the Victorian society in which they were raised. Victorian novelists highlighted this in the books that they wrote. It contributed to the identity crisis of the Victorian Era in which chil dren were affected. Victorian society discourages the use of imagination. AliceRead MoreWhat is Identity?1232 Words   |  5 Pages The exact dictionary definition of identity is: â€Å"The fact of being who or what a person or thing is.† One cannot just have a single identity. Each and every person has a different identity for different situations. For example, a person may act differently in front of their grandmother then they would in front of their younger brother. In front of your grandmother you are more humble and polite, but in front of your younger brother you probably are more demanding and impertinent. This is justRead MoreAnalysis of The Raft1164 Words   |  5 PagesPeter Orner The short story †The Raft† is written by Peter Orner in 2000. The story is about a boy growing up, who becomes aware of life and death and the difference between good and evil. This analysis will focus on the main theme growing up, the narrator, and his relationship to the grandfather. â€Å"The Raft† is about a twelve-year-old boy, who visits his grandparents. The grandfather tells him a story that he has already heard several times, but this time the story is different. The grandfatherRead MoreThe Metamorphosis, By Bartleby, The Scrivener, And Orientation1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Identity Identity plays an important role in a person’s life. It determines how a person lives, acts, communicates, and defines themselves in the world around them. During this semester, we have read a handful of short stories that have to do with an individual’s identity. Three of those stories include, â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† by Franz Kafka; â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† by Herman Melville; and â€Å"Orientation,† by Daniel Orozco. Each of these short stories gives examples of how yourRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Going Back Home 1000 Words   |  4 Pagesqualities differentiate them from others, and help form their identity. In the stories we have read in class, such as â€Å"Going Back Home†, written by Toyomi Igus and Michele Wood, â€Å"Nei Um Lung, Ma?† by May Yee, and â€Å"The Jade Peony† by Wayson Choy, the characters’ hobbies, beliefs, and family roots make them unique and interesting. Due to many factors, inclu ding different experiences in life, an individual develops many aspects in their identity that are different from others. Hobbies, which are adoptedRead MoreShooting An Elephant, By Alice Walker And Everyday Use1026 Words   |  5 PagesWe have different identities based on our cultural, ethnic, racial and religious differences. These identities will affect how we see ourselves since we might have different responsibilities, job duties and backgrounds. In the two literature stories â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and â€Å"Everyday Use†, Alice Walker and George Orwell both show how identity is connected to how we see ourselves in the present. In the story â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, the main character is a white policeman in British Burma. He receivedRead MoreSocial Construction Theory : The Product Of Society And History851 Words   |  4 PagesFall Term Essay 1 Social construction theory explains human behaviour and identities as the product of society and history (Vance 29). This theory is the opposite of biological determinism and essentialism which suggest that genetic, physiological, and biological traits determine human behaviour (Vance 29). As mentioned in lecture (Klement), identities are unique to every person; they are the values, norms, values, and images in society that are combined, constructed, or created. Societal pressures

Analysis Of The Poem Sonny s Blues - 1580 Words

Anisah Smith Professor Adamson Literature 150 2 May 2016 To Escape or to Remain? According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, imprisonment is the act of confining or the state of being confined. In the short shorties and poem, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues, â€Å"Apollo† and #280, the authors Baldwin, Adichie and Dickinson illustrate how one’s actions and relationships can lead to a deeper sense of self imprisonment portrayed in each of their characters. This paper will go into depth about whether these characters can escape from this figurative self imprisonment or if all hope is lost for them. The authors’ opinions on this issue demonstrate ultimately a bigger picture on life, which is important because it gives an insight on how the authors’ handle†¦show more content†¦Baldwin does a great job using the plot structure and characterization to create and reinforce the story’s main theme of self imprisonment. The narrator presents a comprehension not only into his and Sonny’s life together but also their circumst ances. Although he is successful in comparison to most men in their community Baldwin still forces us to question whether he is truly happy. He knows that he has a commitment to Sonny and needs to move his uncertainties to the side and devote himself to helping Sonny. Baldwin portrays both characters in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† as being trapped both physically and emotionally, constantly struggling to break free from various obstacles throughout the story. Instead of escaping, Sonny ends up physically imprisoned in jail as well as by his addiction to drugs pushing him farther away from his great escape. Upon Sonny’s release the narrator notices a change in Sonny, â€Å"when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother I’d never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed into the lights.† (Baldwin 36) describing Sonny as a caged animal that is trying to break free from the effects of prison and from his drug addiction that led him to his incarceration, leaving the narrator inquiring whether Sonny can be brought back into the light, ultimately saving him from himself. Now that Sonny is physically free the

Sibling Conflict Free Essays

Conflict happens all the time, even in our family. Perhaps it is no big deal and has little effect on us. As everyone disagrees with each other from time to time the occasional conflict is part of living with brothers and sisters. We will write a custom essay sample on Sibling Conflict or any similar topic only for you Order Now I am curious about such friction. It has happened regularly during my childhood. I think that conflict between siblings happens in other families. The cause for conflict varies. In my opinion, one such cause is age difference. Once, when I was in secondary school, my younger sister and I shared a bedroom. She’s 7 years younger than me. Her toys were scattered everywhere aroudnt the room. I always had to tidy up every night before she went to bed. I had to read her a story. I did not like doing it. But, if I had not done so, she would have cried and bothered me. Plus, we could not bear one another. We used to quarrel about petty things. Conflict happens when one person is not satisfied with the other, but it has significant effect to sisterhood and family sentiment. After quarreling, we did not talk so much. We were very angry and hated each other by that time. Now things are better. We understand that it is silly to quarrel over little things. The relationship between my younger sister and I is now strong. Instead of quarreling my maturity helps me to work things out. So, when conflict happens: learn to control your anger; determine what it is you are really disagreeing about; call a family conference. If you are in the right, your parents will support you. Conflict is a part of living and sibling conflicts do happen in a family. It will be less confrontational if you can control your feelings and know how to behave with your sibling. How to cite Sibling Conflict, Papers

Seven Deadly Sins Macbeth free essay sample

Macbeth is a tragedy which William Shakespeare empathize the good and the bad side of the human soul. King James was very influential to the Church of England and it? s possible that William Shakespeare wanted to impress the king with his play, Macbeth. â€Å"Shakespeare has used the play, Macbeth, to showcase the destructive nature of the Seven Deadly Sins†. Each of this sins are reflected in the actions on the three main characters, Macbeth is clearly invaded with pride, anger, and envy. His wife, Lady Macbeth is full of pride and greed, and the king, Duncan committed gluttony and laziness. The deadly sins supplement a play full of drama that makes the human get into a world of intrigue and betrayal. Macbeth is probably the character that demonstrates the most the seven deadly sins. The first sin is pride, Macbeth kills Duncan in order to become king making reality the witches prophesy. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Deadly Sins: Macbeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter! â€Å" (1. 3. 52). Macbeth doesn’t obey the commandments of God, and committed the sin most difficult to forgive, kill a person.He doesn’t respect the law; he is guided by his pride. Then Macbeth shows that he is full of envy when he asked to kill Banquo and his successor Fleance. He hired two murders, because he knew what future was expected for Banquos? s son and Macbeth didn’t have any kids that could inherit the throne. â€Å"Thou art the best o th cutthroats: Yet he’s good that did the like for Fleance. If thou didst it, thou art the nonpareil. † (3.4. 20). These sins were enough to demonstrate the destructive nature of the seven deadly sins, which led to the Macbeth death.Macbeth? s wife whether she was influenced by the witches or not, also is negatively affected by the sins in her life. Lady Macbeth was a very influential character for Macbeth; she manipulates her husband and committed some of the seven deadly sins. After Lady Macbeth reads the letter from her husband, her mind is invaded with ambition and greed. She makes the impossible to get to the throne, no matter what their closest friends offers to her. Also, she plays with Macbeth? s mind, she refers to him as a coward just for convince him to kill Duncan.The greed definitely took control over Lady Macbeth. † What beast was’t, then, That made you breaks this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man â€Å" ( 1. 7. 47) During all of the plan to kill Duncan, the anger is a sin that prevails in Lady Macbeth desire. Lady Macbeth cares a little for life, only his anger against the king grows each time more and more, and her obsession to kill the king led her to keep going with the plan until the end, she even said she would kill him if her dad didn’t look like him. â€Å"He could not miss em. Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done ’t. † (2. 2. 12) . All of her black desires and obsessions drove her crazy, she was full of karma that she starts sleepwalking and all of her plans end up in a suicide. Some of the actions by Duncan gave Lady Macbeth the opportunity to not question her desire and bring her security to never give up with her plan. Although Duncan was a noble King and very well respected by everyone, he committed two of the seven deadly sins that played an influence for his murder, Macbeth, to done the action. Once the dinner with Macbeth was over, Duncan was in a state of drunkenness, this situation could give Macbeth confidence to go ahead with the plan of killing him. The gluttony comes with another of the seven deadly sins, the laziness. The King shows a state of laziness, in the way that he trusts his guards so much. If he wouldn’t be so drunk, or if he would be able to take more responsibility of himself, the situation could be different. The three main characters, specially the couple, let themselves guide their ambition in the whole play. They went against all the rules of the nature and broke it with their actions full of sins.Macbeth after all demonstrated that is a weak man and very vulnerable for his wife. His pride and envy dominated his life, leaving him out of this world, and out of the people memories, because at the end his reputation lost all the value. The same situation happened with Lady Macbeth, whom created herself as an evil and becomes crazy cutting her existence for ever. Any of these actions end up with a good result. That’s why is very important for us as human being practice the commandments of God , and trying to not fall into the seven deadly sins.

Social Work Assessment Better Intervention â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Social Work Assessment Better Intervention? Answer: Introduction Social work refers to an academic discipline as well as a profession that provide concern to the individuals and their families during their difficulties. Various agencies are associated with social works. In order to give a better life to the people by supporting them Financial and emotionally social workers play a major role. However, a number of practices are involved in the social work to understand the psychology of individuals (Rubin Babbie, 2016). This study deals with the life event of Sam that leads them to feel more stress in his life. On the other hand, Task centered approach and Solution focused approach will be addressed in this section to understand the critical situation of Sam and his family. Application of Task centered practice or TCP in context of Sam Task centered approach or TCP is a popular practice that enhances collaborative work between the service users and the service providers. Application of such theory is done by the social workers to generate the behavioral ideas and cognitive approach to support the individuals in their difficulties (Doel Marsh, 2017). This practice motivates the service users and individuals are able to be independent if they have been suffering from issues for a long time. According to the case study, Sam is a 34-year-old father of two children. However, he has lost his job recently and is not able to pay the family bill. On the other hand, he has not shared his difficulties with his partner. This present situation leads Sam to be worried regarding his family situation. Hence, the social worker of community social service agency can apply TCP to provide support to Sam to recover his critical situation. TCP has four stages the first stage enables the social worker to identify the target problem. After identification of the target problem, the goal is set to deal with the problem. In the context of Sam TCP helps the social worker to identify his issue that is created for his unemployment as Sam is worried about the financial condition of his family. Then the social worker will understand that emotional and financial support is necessary for Sam to overcome his situation. Stage two enables both Sam and the social workers to marketing a contract between them to facilitate the changes in the service user's life by making a proper schedule. Step three enables the social workers to take several sessions over how to deal with Sam to mitigate his stress (Paciello et al., 2016). Therefore, stage four allows the social worker to measure the success of the social work intervention in the context of Sam. The current situation of Sam leads him to face difficulties in his life. However, Sam wants to be a good provider of his family. Hence, loss of his job brings a critical situation for him as he is unable to give financial support to his children. This present situation leaves a negative impact on Sam's body and mind that is dangerous for him. Hence, application of TCP practice will be an effective approach to release Sam from his crisis (Turner, 2016). Application of such model enables the social worker to get a clear idea of the current problem based on which he or she can understand that emotional support is the prime requirement for Sam in his present crisis. TCP practice includes short timescale that will allow Sam to be more committed in multiple tasks. During the session of TCP practice, the support worker will able to give the task to the service users that increases their engagement, which keeps aside themselves from their worries (Roozeboom, 2014). Therefore, the social workers will able to improve the skill of Sam that makes him deal with his present issues by increasing his confidence level. However, TCP practice is a strength based approach that makes a clear communication between the service users and the service providers (Murphy, 2015). Such clear communication enables Sam to share his issues with the social worker and gives him relief as well as the proper idea to overcome his issues. Well, support can be provided b y the support workers in TCP that allows Sam to take control over his life despite accepting issues. Sam feels hesitation to share his issues with his partner that leads him to face more stress. Hence, TCP practice can reduce such issue by developing a collaborative work between Sam and the social workers thorough and effective communication. Use of Solution focused approach in context of Sams life event Solution focused approach or Solution focused brief therapy (SFBT) is another vital practice that is applied by the social workers to support the vulnerable people (Pichot Dolan, 2014). This is a collaborative approach based on the specific goal. However, by applying such approach the social workers are able to make the psychotherapeutic change in client's condition by keeping them in direct observation. This approach gives the client to express their problems without any hesitation. Hence, the social worker can develop a positive culture for Sam to exhibit his worries about his life. SFBT is a goal oriented approach and the aim of such therapy is to support individuals who are facing difficulties in their present life (Gingerich Peterson, 2013). Application SFBT allows the support workers to focus on the present situation of Sam rather than the past. Therefore, the social worker of the community agency finds tools to cope with the present challenges by using their skill which enables them to make changes in Sams situation. Practitioner encourages the individuals to imagine their future and to carry out collaborative work to achieve their goals (Kim, Brook Akin, 2016). In this therapy, the social worker will give the specific type of questions to Sam, which helps them to understand his present situation and his current need. Such questions enable Sam to recognize his strength and skill to cope with this adverse situation. However, unemployment leads Sam to lose his confidence and belief and he is feeling helpless. Thus SFBT is effective for him to envision his near future by answering miracle questions. Such questions enable people to think about a problem free life, as a result, the people are able to take immediate action to bring changes in their life (Neipp et al., 2016). The social worker can use scaling question in this therapy to assess the present condition of Sam. This enables him to listen to the story of Sam's life and to provide the possible solution regarding this issue. SFBT practice empowers the vulnerable people by motivating themselves. In the case of Sam, it uses of SFBT enables the social worker to empower him to regain his confidence and make the necessary decision such as the search for a new job to get rid of the stress of unemployment. Changes of the problem clarification stages in the work of a social worker by applying Solution focus approach Solution focused approach is an effective practice in the social work to deal with the problem of individuals (Ate?, 2016). In the case of Sam, it has been found that he has been suffering from the poor financial condition due to loss of his job. Hence, the social worker is associated with this vulnerable person to solve his problem by using TCP and SFBT approach. However, in the TCP approach, the social worker will be able to identify the problem by taking a long conversation with the client (Creswell et al., 2017). However, through the normal interaction, the social worker will not able to understand the exact issues and needs of the service users. Hence, the solution based approach allows the social worker to ask a variety of questions to Sam through which the social worker is able to detect the core area of his problem and depression. Other social practices easily identify the problem of the clients, however, often there is no account of the solution of the identified problem. He nce, SFBT approach includes the solution besides identification of the problem. Traditional process in the social work provides support to the clients to recover their present condition however, solution focused approach makes changes in the working pattern of the social worker (Metcalf LPC-S, 2017). Problem clarification is the vital stage while providing support to an individual. Hence, if the social worker is not abale to a clear idea regarding the pain areas of the individuals then it is difficult for them to develop the solution for such problem. According to the case scenario, it is necessary for the community social worker to understand the psychology condition of Sam to give him support. Hence, by providing specific questions in SFBT approach such social worker can identify that only the unemployment is not the single reason of Sam's depression besides that inability of Sam to share his problem with his partner is another reason of his stressful situation. Such clear assessment and problem clarification stages regarding the work of such community worker can be changed by the above way through the application of solution focused approach. Application of solution focused approach according to the different situations of Sam Maori refers to the indigenous people live in New Zealand. Their origination is eastern Polynesia. Such people have adopted many aspects of the Western culture. However, racial discrimination and workplace bullying are very common with Maori as they are the group of indigenous people (Balon, 2014). Hence, if Sam was Maori then application of solution focused approach will be changed for him. In this situation, the community social worker can apply SFBT practice to understand the effect of racial discrimination on Sam's mind that may be a big reason for his unemployment. Workplace bullying might lead Sam to lose his job as he is a Maori. On the other hand, due to ethnic discrimination, he is not able to get a better job and his family fails to get proper support from the society as Sam belongs from a minority group. Identification of such negative factors associated with the current satiation Sam can be possible by the application of SFBT. As a solution to this situation, the community social worker needs to provide social support to Sam and his family by make a good communication between Sam's family and the society. Therefore, by applying such theory this social worker will be able to establish optimistic approach, which is a vital part of SFBT theory (Coady Lehmann, 2016). This approach enables the social worker to change the view of the people regarding Maori, as a result, they will able to accept the cultural differences and to support Sam's family in his difficulties. Asian born people prefer to speak in their own language that creates a big problem during communication (Hsu, 2017). However, if Sam is Asian-born then the community worker needs to give value to his local language to identify his problem. SFBT process is based on the theories of language. Hence, by applying this approach the social worker is able to give priority to the mother tongue of Sam in order to detect his problem and to develop the solution. Application of solution focused approach will be different if Sam was a gay. However, social discrimination often occurs with gay in workplace and society (Balon, 2014). Hence, this might be a reason for Sam's unemployment. Hence, by applying SFBT practice the community social worker can develop the solution based on the life event of Sam. Emotional support can be provided to Sam by this theory. This will encourage Sam in order to cope with his difficulties. Conclusion The entire piece of work highlights on the application of TCP and SFBT in social work. However, the case study reveals that TCP and SFBT practices are effective for Sam to improve his situation. Due to loss of job Sam has been suffering from mental stress as well financial difficulties. On the other hand inability of sharing his problem with his partner is also affecting his mind. Hence, the community social worker will able to give him support by using these two theories. SFBT is helpful to identify the problem through ask questionnaire to the client that enables the service provider to develop solution according to the problem. It has been found that development of the solution is crucial besides the recognition of the problem that can be done through the application of SFBT theory. References Ate?, B. (2016). The Effect of Solution-focused Brief Group Counseling upon the Perceived Social Competences of Teenagers.Journal of Education and Training Studies,4(7), 28-36. Balon, R. (2014). Learning Solution-Focused Therapy. An Illustrated Guide. Annals of Clinical economics, 26(4), 307-309. Coady, N., Lehmann, P. (Eds.). (2016).Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach. Springer Publishing Company. Creswell, C., Violato, M., Fairbanks, H., White, E., Parkinson, M., Abitabile, G., ... Cooper, P. J. (2017). Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of brief guided parent-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and solution-focused brief therapy for treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet Psychiatry. Doel, M., Marsh, P. (2017).Task-centred social work. Routledge. Gingerich, W. J., Peterson, L. T. (2013). Effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy: A systematic qualitative review of controlled outcome studies.Research on Social Work Practice,23(3), 266-283. Hsu, W. S., Lin, H. J., Sun, S. T. M., Chen, H. J. (2017). The Training Effects of Solution-Focused Brief Counseling on Telephone-Counseling Volunteers in Taiwan.Journal of Family management, 1-18. Kim, J. S., Brook, J., Akin, B. A. (2016). Solution-focused brief therapy with substance-using individuals: A randomized controlled trial study.Research on Social Work Practice, 1049731516650517. Metcalf, L., LPC-S, L. S. (2017).Solution Focused Narrative Therapy. Springer Publishing Company. Murphy, J. J. (2015).Solution-focused counseling in schools. John Wiley Sons. Neipp, M. C., Beyebach, M., Nuez, R. M., Martnez?Gonzlez, M. C. (2016). The Effect of Solution?Focused Versus Problem?Focused Questions: A Replication.Journal of marital and family therapy,42(3), 525-535. Paciello, M., Ghezzi, V., Tramontano, C., Barbaranelli, C., Fida, R. (2016). Self-efficacy configurations and wellbeing in the academic context: A person-centred approach.Personality and Individual Differences,99, 16-21. Pichot, T., Dolan, Y. M. (2014).Solution-focused brief therapy: Its effective use in agency settings. Routledge. Roozeboom, W. D. (2014). Solution-Focused Counseling. InEncyclopedia of Psychology and Religion, pp. 1679-1683. Rubin, A., Babbie, E. R. (2016).Empowerment series: Research methods for social work. Cengage Learning. Turner, F. J. (2017).Social work treatment: Interlocking theoretical approaches. Oxford University Press.

The Impact of E Commerce on Small Business Essays - E-commerce

The Impact of E Commerce on Small Business Impact of E-Commerce on Small Firms have factor that has influenced the processes of adoption and use of e-commerce in both small and medium enterprises and industries. Small scales firms that have adopted and have used e-commerce have taken into account not only the technological part and organisational aspects of implementation but also the strong user's o the web sites with their own skills, attitude towards work, enthusiasm and fear of technology. Whereas on the other side of the story, the majority number of consumers have to pace with and effectively use the services offered through internet by enterprises. Thus to carry out a successful relationship and transactions between consumers and firms, they not only have to exchange money and products but also information and mutual trust. E-commerce has been simply defined as a use of electronic range of networks to simplify, resolve, improve and pace up the various stages and processes of business like buying and selling and delivery of goods and services. E-commerce's prime driver is Internet which presents an hierarchical framework. The use of websites for small scales enterprises can create a major impact and global presence when compared to other Medias. The web are defined with no geographical boundaries or national boundaries but rather by the coverage of computer networks which offers widened access to different markets for small scales and micro enterprises. Small scale industries find more competitive markets and intense pressures with their limited resources and manpower and mainly of weaker market power. Due to this SME'S had to undergo pressure to co operate more into networks to spread information, develop costs and risks. Small scale industries are amongst the last ones to benefit from the new technology and are happily excited about the widened opportunities increased through internet and E-commerce. Internet Web Spending includes capital and operation incurred expenses to build and support new systems of web based. Small enterprises sell both to businesses and consumers though a majority share is been sold to consumers than businesses. Internet offers an access to wide range of goods and services that small scale industries are interested in and help them in their competitive field. It includes tools that small firms can use to enhance and flourish their businesses, reach new customers and maximize customer relationships. The basics must haves in internet usage of SME'S should be email, specialized industry/ professional information and product information. Email is to contact the same for urther relationship and to resolve any query. Professional information should be displayed as to stand out in the competitive market and showcase the goodwill of the enterprise and product information does creates an impact of the benefits it offers compared to other products and services. The final frontier is to reach the customers through the media created by Ecommerce. They are as follows: Creating a web site - The main state is the creation of a web site. The web site creation is a tedious process as it involves of thinking process and building up a website, its content, designing, security measures, all take in a lot of engineering. Once the website is created, we are ready to do business. Banner exchange/ showcasing advertisements on other websites - Once the web site creation part is completed, the focus comes on the advertising part which makes it to publicize the website on other websites and social sites for example, google ads, facebook ads, and etc. These are useful as they have a far reaching impact on state and national as well as global level. They are so effective that they can dig out customers from any corner of the earth, given that technology is available. Management tools for web sites - After the completion of the website, the management tools take in place such as that of the server, security and antivirus measures and many more. These are essential part of the tools and parts of the web site management. Visitors counting - There is a space on the website which when visited by a person, displays his visit number and the total number of members who have visited. This informs us the number of times the web site has been visited and successful of the

Little White Lie Essays - Literature, Fiction, Politics,

Little White Lie Orwell & Marx Animalism vs. Marxism ?Every line I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism, quotes George Orwell in the preface to the 1956 Signet Classic edition of Animal Farm. The edition, which sold several millions copies, however, omitted the rest of the sentence: and for democratic Socialism, as I understand it.? It is in Animal Farm, written in 1944 but not published until after World War Two in 1945, which Orwell offers a political and social doctrine whose ideas and ideols can be seen in all of his proceeding works. In an essay published in the summer of 1946 entitled Why I Write,? Orwell claimed to have been motivated over the preceding ten years by a desire to make political writing into an art.? In the essay, he states that in Animal Farm he had for the first time in his writing career consciously tried to achieve this goal ? to harmonize political concerns with artistry? (Twayne, 17). Orwell, however, for reasons such as the omitted portion of his preface a nd misreadings of his novels, has been mislabeled a traitor of Socialism or a hero to the right wing by theorists and critics. His book, besides a parody of Stalinist Russia, intends to show that Russia was not a true democratic Socialist country. Looked at carefully, Animal Farm is a criticism of Karl Marx as well as a novel perpetuating his convictions of democratic Socialism; these are other inherent less discussed qualities in Animal Farm besides the more commonly read harsh criticism of totalitarianism. Orwell and Marx differed in their views on Socialism and its effects on religion and nationalism as well as Socialism's effects on society and its leaders. Orwell shared many of Marx's viewpoints, but he did not share with Marx the same vision of a utopian future, only the prospects of a worldwide revolution. Orwell's work indicates that he had read Marx with care and understanding. That he remained unconvinced and highly critical does not mean he did could not follow Marx's arg uments; or rather, it could mean that only to a Marxist? (Zwerdling, 20). It is in Animal Farm, lesser talked about for the author's social theories than Nineteen Eighty-Four, that Orwell's criticisms of Marxism can be seen as well as Orwell's social theory, which can be seen through a careful reading of what the animals refer to as Animalism. Animalism, as we will see, has its faults and inaccuracies, but Orwell's use of it is to put forth his own political and social doctrine based on remedying those faults. Orwell's Animalism, what I believe to be his moderately Marxist-Leninist ideology, is different from the animals', but it is Orwell's Animalism that can best be compared to Marxism. Animalism, based on the theories of old Major, a prized-boar of Mr. Jones, is born early on in Animal Farm. The fact that old Major, himself, is a boar implies that political theory to the masses or a theorist proposing radical change and revolution are, themselves, bores, in the eyes of the proletariate more prone to worrying about work and survival. Old Major, however, is able to gather all the animals on the farm except the sleeping Moses, the tame raven, for a speech about a dream he had the previous night. In his talk, old Major tries to explain the animals' place in nature and how they can get out of it, very much like Marx's writing on the social consciousness of the proletariate in A Contribution to the Political Economy and the evil practices of bourgeois-controlled capitalism in The Communist Manifesto. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being,? wrote Marx, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their consciousness? (preface to A Cont ribution..., 363). He also called for revolution by the proletariate in The Communist Manifesto to change the social structure of the state and its distribution of wealth. Orwell agreed with Marx's social arguments, but as we will later see, disagreed on many of his other beliefs. In Animal Farm, we can see his depictions as man as a social animal and his Socialist ideologies through old Major's very Marxist speech in the

Ground proximity warning system in Aircraft The WritePass Journal

Ground proximity warning system in Aircraft Abstract Ground proximity warning system in Aircraft Abstract1. Introduction 2. Principles behind how the GPWS work3. The modes of GPWS3.1. Mode 1 – Excessive descent rate3.2 Mode 2 – Excessive terrain closure3.3 Mode 3 – Excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around3.4 Mode 4 – Unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing configuration3.5. Mode 5 – Excessive descent rate below the instrument glide path.  4. Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System5.1  Ã‚   Mode 6 – Excessively steep bank angle5.2   Mode 7 – Excessive windshear protectionRelated Abstract Inventing an aircraft by The Wright Brothers at the beginning of the 20th Century had a huge impact on the world we live in now.   It is generally accepted that their â€Å"Flyer† was the first powered and controlled airplane in the world.   A decade later the first commercial flight took place marking the beginning of commercial air travel.   However, from the very beginning the most important aim was to make air travel as safe as possible. 1. Introduction Since the invention of the aircraft, one of the major causes of accidents was when a fully functional aircraft was unintentionally flown into the ground or water.   The number of this kind of accidents prompted the engineers at Boeing to introduce a new term in the late 1970s called Controlled Flight into terrain or CFIT. According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life.   There have been over 9,000 deaths in different parts of the world due to this since the beginning of the commercial jet age.[1] There have been fewer accidents thanks to the Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems (TAWS).   The TAWS which is capable of alerting the crew if they fly dangerously close to the Earth surface has substantially and effectively reduced the number of accidents caused by CFIT.   It has to be stressed that the invention of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) in late 1960 is widely credited to a Canadian engineer Charles Donald Bateman. Currently there are two types of TAWS used on the aircrafts.   The first type is called Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS).   Admittedly, GPWS is an older system but in 1996 a second type which is an improved version on GPWS called Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System or EGPWS was introduced.   GPWS and EGPWS are one of the most vital systems on-board modern aircrafts.   They are designed to alert the crew by means of aural and visual warning of immediate danger of colliding with the ground, water or an obstacle such as a mountain. 2. Principles behind how the GPWS work The Ground Proximity Warning System automatically and continuously monitors the clearance of the aircraft above the surface. The principle of work is based on Continues Wave Radar.   Continues waves are transmitted towards the ground and once reflected they are picked by the receiver.   The time taken for the waves to return is measured and it indicates the distance between the plane and the Earth surface. The heart of the system is a computer which collects data from the radio altimeter and predicts the future terrain features.   As the radio altimeter only provides the distance between the aircraft and the surface directly below it, the computer has to keep track of the terrain features and predict terrain that is directly ahead of the aircraft. The above can only be achieved and done correctly if the surface does not have significant changes in heights, but in a situation when there is a dramatic change in terrain, then invariably GPWS fails.   It is also referred to as a â€Å"blind spot†. However, the blind spot has been eliminated with the introduction of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System. 3. The modes of GPWS The Ground Proximity Warning System operates in different modes.   Depending on the situation, the GPWS responds in a particular manner and provides the crew with a specific aural alert or warning and visually by illumination of warning lights.   By monitoring the aircraft’s flying path and its altitude, the computer determines the risk of collision with the Earth surface and based on that it provides crew with either of the two warnings: a Soft Warning or Hard Warning. The GPWS Alert or Soft Warning informs the crew that a potentially dangerous situation has been detected and it requires attention.   It indicates that the dangerous situation may develop and it should not be ignored, but the aircraft is not in immediate danger. The GPWS Warning or Hard Warning informs the crew that the aircraft is threatened by grave danger and that immediate action is required. 3.1. Mode 1 – Excessive descent rate Readings from barometric altimeter and radio altimeter are combined together and the crew is informed of excessive rate of descent.   When the rate of descent exceeds the limit an aural alert â€Å"SINK RATE† is issued and the amber warning light comes up.   In a situation when the descent rate becomes even more severe the system generates an aural warning â€Å"PULL UP† and the red warning light illuminates in the cockpit. 3.2 Mode 2 – Excessive terrain closure Notifications are based on the readings taken from the radio altimeter.   The System monitors the clearance between the aircraft and the ground.   The crew is informed of the change of the terrain below and when the aircraft is flying into the slope of a mountain or across steep features. If the aircraft’s height above the ground decreases, an amber light illuminates and an aural warning â€Å"TERRAIN† is generated 90 seconds before the aircraft flying path and the earth surface crosses.   However, if no action is taken and the clearance between the aircraft and terrain decreases even more then 30 seconds from the predicted collision an aural warning â€Å"PULL UP† is issued and a red light comes up. 3.3 Mode 3 – Excessive altitude loss after take-off or go-around Data collected from barometric altimeter, radar altimeter and indicated flight speed are combined together by the GPWS computer in order to detect an altitude loss after take-off or a missed approach. In such circumstances an aural alert â€Å"DON’T SINK† is generated and the amber light starts illuminating. During the decent this mode of the GPWS is not armed until the aircraft is 60 meters above the surface. 3.4 Mode 4 – Unsafe terrain clearance while not in landing configuration The computer generates alerts and warnings indicating that the clearance above the ground is insufficient for the current flight path while landing gear and flaps are not in the landing configuration.   Consequently, there are two alerts issued by the system – â€Å"TOO LOW GEAR† and â€Å"TOO LOW FLAPS† depending on what is causing the problem. An amber warning light will also come up accordingly.   However, if the aircraft altitude continues decreasing and the landing configuration is not corrected, the crew is issued with a voice message â€Å"TOO LOW TERRAIN† and the warning light will come up. 3.5. Mode 5 – Excessive descent rate below the instrument glide path. The GPWS monitors the flying path of the aircraft in a situation when crew uses an Instrument Landing System (ILS) for approach and landing.   The system generates an aural alert in the event of the flying path exceeding 1.3 dot below the ILS glideslope and an amber warning light illuminates in the cockpit.   As the deviation increases, the voice message â€Å"GLIDESLOPE† becomes more frequent and louder.   4. Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System As technology advanced and so did the aviation industry.   And with developed technology the basic Ground Proximity Warning System was proven to have a â€Å"blind spot† making it not 100% reliable. Therefore, inventing a new and better system capable of tracking and predicting terrain ahead of the aircraft, even with dramatic changes in the steepness of the ground became a necessity.   The problem was solved with the introduction of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System.   The new system was mainly based on the GPWS but in order to avoid shortcoming of the original system EGPWS was also equipped with Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance system, allowing the computer to â€Å"see† what is ahead of the aircraft. The EGPWS computer has a worldwide digital terrain database containing natural terrain features as well as man-made obstacles and uses Global Positioning System to determine the position of the aircraft.   The position of the aircraft, its altitude and ground speed is sent to the computer which combines all the information together and compares it with the map of the Earth terrain stored in the database.   The information is then presented to the crew on the Terrain Awareness Display.   There are different colours on the digital map each representing a different height of the terrain features relative to the aircraft current altitude (Figure 1).   It has to be noted that the system is being continuously improved and some of the modern most sophisticated flight management computers are capable of analysing the whole route and inform the pilots of all potentially hazardous obstacles along the flying path. 5. The modes of EGPWS Since the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System is based on the basic GPWS, it has all the five modes same as its predecessor.   However as EGPWS is more advanced than GPWS, in addition to five modes described earlier on it also introduces two new modes. 5.1  Ã‚   Mode 6 – Excessively steep bank angle The purpose of this mode is to inform pilots of an excessive roll attitude for the flight conditions.   The system generates an audible alert â€Å"BANK ANGLE†.   If the situation worsens and the roll attitude is being increased to 40% above the original callout, the voice message â€Å"BANK ANGLE† repeats itself continuously. 5.2   Mode 7 – Excessive windshear protection This mode is designed to inform the crew of excessive wind shear during take-off and final approach.   The warnings are provided between the altitudes 10 – 1500 feet above the ground level.   If the wind shear exceeds the limits, the EGPWS generates an aural alert â€Å"WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR† and the amber light comes up in the cockpit. 6. Conclusions It goes without saying that the introduction of Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems has significantly reduced the number of accident caused by Controlled Flight Into Terrain.   Modern Systems installed on-board civil and military aircraft are able to predict terrain ahead of the aircraft without â€Å"blind spot† which was present in the first Ground Proximity Warning Systems.   Unfortunately despite advancement in technology and modern equipment, the accidents caused by CFIT still happen.   They are many reasons behind that and common among them would be bad weather, navigation system failure or more often pilot error. Most commonly these types of accidents occur during approach close to the airports.   For instance in 2010 alone two major crashes took lives of many people.   On 10th of April 2010, Polish Air Force Tu-154 Flight crashed during final approach in Smolensk airport in Russia killing 96 people including the president of Republic of Poland, his wife and many government and military leaders present on board that fatal flight.   Three months later on 28th July 2010 another tragic crash happened in Pakistan.   Airblue Flight 202 carried 146 passengers and 6 crew members.   There were no survivors. Developing new systems and improving the existing ones may one day lead to complete remove of CFIT type of crashes.   As for now however caution still should be executed during pilot training to ensure that every pilot flying the aircraft equipped with EGWPS is fully trained to use the system, understands the warnings and is able to properly react to the situation. 7. References [1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_flight_into_terrain#cite_ref-boeing_0-1

Classic Poems About America for the 4th of July

Classic Poems About America for the 4th of July Patriotism is the theme for the Fourth of July. Many poets have taken on the subject over the years and their words, even in part, have been engrained in the minds of millions of Americans. From Whitman to Emerson and Longfellow to Blake and beyond, these are the poems that have inspired patriots for years. Walt Whitman,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I Hear America Singing† The collection of Walt Whitmans poems known as Leaves of Grass was published a total of seven times during the poets lifetime. Each edition held different poems and in the 1860 edition,  I Hear America Singing made its debut. Yet, Whitman made some changes and the version below is the 1867 version. The differences between the two editions are minimal at best. Most notably, the first verse was changed from American mouth-songs ! to the lyrical lines youll find below. It is quite interesting to note that the two editions were printed just prior to and after the Civil War. In the context of the country during that time, Whitmans words take on an even more powerful meaning. America was divided, but the differences were not extreme when viewed from the songs of the individual. I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear;Those of mechanics- each one singing his, as it should be, blithe and strong;The carpenter singing his, as he measures his plank or beam,The mason singing his, as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work;The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat- the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck;The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench- the hatter singing as he stands;The wood-cutter’s song- the ploughboy’s, on his way in the morning, or at the noon intermission, or at sundown;The delicious singing of the mother- or of the young wife at work- or of the girl sewing or washing- Each singing what belongs to her, and to none else;The day what belongs to the day- At night, the party of young fellows, robust, friendly,Singing, with open mouths, their strong melodious songs. More From Whitmans Leaves of Grass The many editions of Leaves of Grass are filled with poems on a variety of subject matter. When it comes to patriotism, Whitman penned some of the best poetry and this contributed to his notoriety as one of Americas great poets. â€Å"By Blue Ontario’s Shore†Ã‚  (first published in the 1867 edition) - The poet spends this poem in a contemplative state marked with talk of liberty and freedom. Lines like Chant me the poem, it said, that comes from the soul of America, and O America because you build for mankind I build for you, are inspiring. At the same time, the narrator seems haunted by troubles and questions.â€Å"Song of the Broad-Axe†Ã‚  (first published in the 1856 edition) - An epic piece of poetry, Whitman embodies too many facets of America and Americans in this poem to note in a brief summary. It is a wonderful look at the individual spirit that formed the country and the strength it took from each and every person through the powerful symbol of the broad-axe. Ralph Waldo Emerson,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Concord Hymn† The Fourth of July celebrates Americas independence and few poems remind us of the sacrifices required during the Revolutionary War better than Ralph Waldo Emersons Concord Hymn. It was sung at the completion of the Concord Battle Monument on  April 19, 1837. Emerson settled in Concord, Massachusetts after marrying his second wife, Lydia Jackson, in 1835. He was known for his admiration of self-reliance and individualism. These two factors seem to have a  heavy influence on the personal nature and deep patriotic feelings he penned in this poem. The last line of the first stanza - the shot heard round the world - was quickly made famous and remains a hallmark for describing the valiant efforts of the American revolutionaries. By the rude bridge that arched the flood,Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,Here once the embattled farmers stood,And fired the shot heard round the world,The foe long since in silence slept,Alike the Conqueror silent sleeps,And Time the ruined bridge has sweptDown the dark stream which seaward creeps.On this green bank, by this soft stream,We set to-day a votive stone,That memory may their deed redeem,When like our sires our sons are gone.Spirit! who made those freemen dareTo die, or leave their children free,Bid time and nature gently spareThe shaft we raise to them and Thee. This was not the only patriotic poem Emerson wrote. In 1904, 22 years after his death,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Nation’s Strength† was published. The poets patriotic zeal appears once again in lines like Men who for truth and honor’s sake/Stand fast and suffer long. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Paul Revere’s Ride† The opening lines of Henry Wadsworth Longfellows 1863 poem are etched in the memories of many Americans. The poet was known for his lyrical poems that retraced historical events and in 1863, ​Paul Reveres Ride was published, giving Americans a new, amazingly detailed, and dramatically versed look at one of the most famous nights in the countrys short history. Listen, my children, and you shall hearOf the midnight ride of Paul Revere,On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five;Hardly a man is now aliveWho remembers that famous day and year. More Longfellow â€Å"O Ship of State†Ã‚  (â€Å"The Republic† from â€Å"The Building of the Ship,† 1850) - A contemporary of both Emerson and Whitman, Longfellow also saw the building of a young country and this influenced many of his poems. Though it reads as a simple poetic description of shipbuilding, it is, in reality, a metaphor for the building of America. Piece by piece, the country came together, just as those ships built near Longfellows Portland, Maine home. The patriotic enthusiasm of O Ship of State extended beyond America. Franklin Roosevelt quoted the opening lines in a personal letter to Winston Churchhill during World War II to rally his allys spirit. More Famous Poems About America Though those are some of the most noted poems appropriate for Independence Day, they are not alone. The following verses are equally popular and express national pride perfectly. William Blake,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"America, A Prophecy† (1793) - Written by the famous English poet 17 years after the American Revolution, this poem has long been an icon in patriotic poetry. A mythical look at what might come out of the new country, Blake romanticizes the tale and clearly shows he too has no love for tyranny or the King.Emma Lazarus,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The New Colossus† (1883) - Written to raise funds for the base of the Statue of Liberty, this famous poem is engraved on it for all to see. The lines Give me your tired, your poor,  Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, speak volumes to the nation of immigrants.Carl Sandburg,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Good Night† (1920) - Fireworks over the pier on the Fourth of July, Sandburgs short poem is both timeless and timely. If youre seeking a poem to memorize, this is a fantastic choice.Claude McKay,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"America† (1921) - A love sonnet written by a leader of the Harlem Rennaissance,  America portrays the poets adorat ion for the country while, at the same time, confronting the troubles he has seen in his community. Amy Lowell,  Excerpt from â€Å"The Congressional Library† (1922) - Published in The Literary Digest (incorrectly, at first), the poet captures the wonderful architecture and art of this historic building that houses the nations archives. She also wonders about its future as well as the library as a reflection on all Americans.Stephen Vincent Benà ©t,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"American Names† (1927) - Both a geography lesson and a poem examining the poetic styling of names, the poet explores sound and place in lighthearted verse.

55 Synonyms for Criticize

55 Synonyms for Criticize 55 Synonyms for â€Å"Criticize† 55 Synonyms for â€Å"Criticize† By Mark Nichol One of life’s great pleasures is the opportunity to criticize others, so it shouldn’t surprise you that the verb criticize has a rich repository of synonyms that offers so many options for expressing your low opinions of people or their words or deeds. I’ve divided the list below into four general categories. Generally, only the first features words with distinct connotations, which I’ve included; the others are fairly interchangeable within each category, and even across categories. Words Expressing Disapproval 1. Admonish: to give gentle, earnest advice 2. Censure: to condemn with formal disciplinary action 3. Chasten: to discipline or restrain 4. Chastise: to communicate severe disappointment 5. Chide: to offer mild constructive criticism 6. Condemn: to criticize wrongdoing 7. Decry: to communicate strong disapproval 8. Denounce: to target someone for disapproval, usually publicly 9. Dispraise: to publicly criticize 10. Excoriate: to indicate scathing disapproval 11. Fault: to blame 12. Fulminate: to publicly criticize 13. Lambaste: to attack verbally 14. Reprehend: to voice criticism 15. Reproach: to communicate disappointment 16. Upbraid: to offer severe criticism 17. Vituperate: to abusively criticize Words Expressing Disparagement 18. Belittle 19. Cry down 20. Denigrate 21. Depreciate 22. Derogate 23. Knock 24. Poor-mouth 25. Run down 26. Talk down 27. Vilipend Words Expressing Severe Criticism 28. Bad-mouth 29. Castigate 30. Flay 31. Hammer 32. Lace (into) 33. Lay (into) 34. Pan (especially to criticize a performance or a proposal) 35. Slag Words Expressing Reprimand or Scolding 36. Bawl out 37. Berate 38. Call down (another meaning is â€Å"to invite or entreat†) 39. Chew out 40. Dress down 41. Harangue 42. Jaw 43. Keelhaul 44. Lecture 45. Rag 46. Rail (against) 47. Rant 48. Rate 49. Ream (or ream out) 50. Rebuke 51. Reprove 52. Score 53. Tongue-lash 54-55. Two additional words used only in their noun form are commination (â€Å"denunciation†) and objurgation (â€Å"a harsh rebuke†). Many other words such as assail and scathe can be suitable depending on the context but have senses closer to â€Å"attack† than â€Å"criticize.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of AdjectivesHang, Hung, HangedPresent Participle as Adjective

Chinese Women and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chinese Women and Culture - Essay Example The recent developments on China portray a comparatively liberal image of the women than was possible some decades ago. Not too far off in history, in fact if a critical analysis is made for the 1980`s and the 1990`s both the authorities in China as well as the traditional Chinese society were resistant to the growth of feminist attitudes.The traditional ancient Chinese rituals and belief systems though still prevalent to some extent in China adds to the limitations that women have to face to contribute significantly to the Chinese cultures and traditions. 1990`s however opened doors towards acceptance to the fact that women can also significantly contribute to the cultural development in China.To understand China in the modern context, it is crucial to analyze the role of women in the ancient century as well so that patterns in evolution can be drawn.China is always perceived as a culturally isolated and a backward society, and the image of the state is that of an authoritarian tyra nnical one. Modern elements of change like modern art, modern music, internet evolution and social networking seems to be absent and highly controlled. The beginning of the new century saw an immense increase in modernization. With the opening of market in the late 1990`s, China`s economy started to boom as markets expanded and modernized. Cultural values, however, didn’t saw as immense of a change but some level of change was inevitable and 12 Girls Band is the product of this change. Thus, 12 Girls Band is symbolic for women empowerment, the ability for Chinese to preserve their traditional legacies, portraying a liberal yet sophisticated image of Chinese woman throughout the world. All members of the 12 Girls Band are thus Ambassadors to China who have positively affected the cultural variables in China at home and abroad. To understand China in the modern context, it is crucial to analyze the role of women in the ancient century as well so that patterns in evolution can b e drawn. In the ancient China women were considered to be inferior to men, and all their lives they were expected to obey the male members of the family, thus they had no freedom of their own and their role towards cultural community development was absent. The practice of binding women`s feet is symbolic for the control over women during that century. However, with time when the People`s Republic of China was found the role of women started to change, at least rhetorically and a significant level of independence was gained by the women. It wasn’t until 1979 that the government enacted reforms which enabled women to seek jobs in the market. This was the beginning of the initiation of the contribution of women to art; however the role was still very limited. However, with the cultural revolutions more and more opportunities were produced for the women and the process of evolution began to speed up (Wales 1967). Until the 1990`s the women were significantly contributing economi cally as well as culturally to the Chinese legacy. During this period, women poetry groups and arts clubs began to emerge and their activities began to enhance rapidly (Descoteaux 2008). The beginning of the new century saw an immense increase in modernization, and thus 12 Girls Band is a product of the modernization and cultural fusion. The band was selected in an audition in 2001, and twelve members later constituting of thirteen members, this band was a unique blend of girls who knew to play diverse range of instruments both modern and traditional in nature. All band members have gone through rigorous trainings in the field, and all of them belong to the conservatories groups which include the China`s Academy of Music, Central Conservatory of Music and the Chinese National Orchestra. The idea behind the concept belongs to Wang Xio-Jing who wanted twelve members for a band and his aim was to promote folk music however make it appealing by adding a modern touch to it. Thus, the wom en were inspired by the work of Yue

Challenges in Access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Challenges in Access - Essay Example ted only this month and gauged the current public sentiment on health care amidst current conditions, particularly from September 21-22 (Rasmussen, 2012). The polls by Rasmussen Reports and Reuters depict the manner by which public opinion changes according to the movements in the policy networks. For example, when the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the validity of the health care law, Reuters reported that the public was slightly more supportive of it. According to what they found, opposition fell to 52 percent from the posted 57 percent previously. This development depicts how institutions can wield influence on the way people perceive specific issues. Then, there is the case of the Rasmussen poll. It found that more and more Americans are accepting the health care law, stating that even though 52 percent of Americans are in favor of repealing the law, most of them see that such repeal is no longer likely. The period by which the poll survey was conducted came at the heels of several polls released showing Obama’s rally in presidential election surveys. The defeat of the Republican contender in the presidential race - if the poll is to be believed or if the election was held September 22 - meant that the health care reform will persist, as the Democrats prevail. Of course, there is the other story to these two polls. Although, the trend seems to be gradually favoring the health care reform, certain aspects to the public opinion of it remain strong. It should be noted that after two years, there is still strong opposition to the so-called Obama-care. The length of time should have steadily eroded public opposition but this does not appear to be happening at all. If one goes back to the Reuters’ poll, the bump in the figures supporting the health care reform was given by the public unwillingly. This is supported by the public’s acceptance, according to Rasmussen, that the law will persist because it came with Obama’s possible reelection. I would also

How has commercialisation affected professional football since the Essay

How has commercialisation affected professional football since the formation of the premier league and what effect has this had on the average fan - Essay Example d the 1980s witnessed England entering into a rather novice phase marked by lack of commercial enterprising on the part of sponsors and top brass of soccer administrators. In fact European football in general followed a downward curve during these two decades (King 59). Several key factors were responsible for this lean period in the history of English soccer. These factors ranged from societal issues to lack of technical adroitness. However, the Premier soccer League teemed with the very best from the global arena and players from all continents signed for various clubs featuring in the League (Storey 108), thus turning English club football into an action-packed display of power and dynamism. The focal point of this paper is going to be the period following the formation of the English Premier League, during which the entire skeleton of English soccer underwent a drastic change in terms of growing commercialisation and corporate professionalism. The paper will also discuss the relative position of British soccer in the larger framework of world football in the last two decades. The charm of English soccer ebbed away following the series of poor performances by the national soccer team in FIFA World Cups after their historic win over West Germany in the 1966 version of the premier title. It was imperative for the administrators and players alike to bring people back to where they could relate themselves to. However, due to a pervasive sense of hopelessness prevailing among the average followers of the sport, the task was not an easy one. Moreover, hooliganism was on the rise in the 1980s both on English soil and outside (Dunning and Malcolm 101). In fact English football had earned a notorious distinction of promoting hooliganism across Europe and other soccer playing countries (Bloom and Willard 306). Political reasons also came into contention in this regard as some of the earlier events in the annals of world history were believed to have contributed to the

A Reading and Referencing exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Reading and Referencing exercise - Essay Example The article uses British birth cohort panel data to generate an understanding of how education and level of qualifications have an impact on earnings of the person in the long run (Blundell et al., 2000).   The article, â€Å"learning styles and academic outcome: The validity and utility of Vermunt’s inventory of learning styles in British Higher education setting† is written by Dr. Elizabeth A. Boyle, Tim Duffy and Karen Dunleavy. The study was conducted in British University and provided examination of how Vermunt’s integrated model of learning provides varied academic results as they are based on the different learning styles (Boyle et al., 2003). Binsardi and Ekwulugo have written an article, â€Å"International marketing of British education: research on the students’ perception and the UK market penetration†. The article talks about education in UK and perception of international students about it. Moreover, it provides analysis of UK perfor mance in the market with respect to their education system (Binsardi & Ekwulugo, 2003).   An article by Philip Brown, â€Å"The third wave†: education and the ideology of parentocracy â€Å" talks about the different eras of schooling and education system and how children have shifted their priorities based on abilities and efforts to their parents’ wishes and consent resulting from ‘ideology of parentocracy’ (Brown, 1990). The last article relevant to the module is, â€Å"Testing the Relationship between Education and Political Participation using the 1970 British Cohort. â€Å"Mikael Persson writes the article, and it talks about education system of British Institutes and its effect on political participation. The data is extracted from British cohort study showing how the education system has evolved and how individual’s cognitive ability is being used. However, the study concludes that

UNIT 2, MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS Essay

UNIT 2, MANAGING FINANCIAL RESOURCES AND DECISIONS - Essay Example As a financial advisor, the business performance can be evaluated on the basis of the information that is obtained from the owner. In explaining the source of finance for Motors Parts Direct Limited, it is important to understand its meaning for the business. Financing is extremely important for starting a business and draw profit from it. There are various sources of finance when a business is looking for start-up. The need for source of finance varies according to the type of business. For processing a business huge amount of capital is needed (Iowa State University Extension, 2013). The source of finance for a business is basically equity or debt. In case of MPD Ltd only debt financing is used as source of finance. However, there are both long term and long term debt for the business. The short and long term debt instruments for the business are discussed hence forth. From the above table it can be stated that the business has started its operation with the help of loan and overdraft. The two types of debt instruments are noted as the liability for the company (Iowa State University Extension, 2013). This liabilities aims at decreasing the liquidity of the company, if the current asset base is not high; even the business does not have enough cash position to maintain a stable working capital. For maintaining its working capital the company requires short term finance of  £ 1,200,000. He also needs the finance for paying the suppliers and make payment to its employees. He needs the amount as these cash are paid even before payments are received from customers. Loan is a useful source of finance for business, which is provided by a single entity at an interest rate. This interest rate is specified by the lender of the loan and it is not decided on mutual basis. If the lender is a bank then the interest rate depends upon the demand of the loan and the rate that are imposed on the banks by the central banks (Steffan, 2008; Fabozzi, 1998).

Italian American Immigrant Essay Example for Free

Italian American Immigrant Essay Many Italians migrated to United States as early as 1848. They migrated in small numbers due to revolutionary movement’s failure that occurred in Italy. Most of the Italians migrated to America between 1880 and 1960s. These Italians came from Sicily and Southern Italy. They had very little knowledge in education and were poor. Majority of these immigrants were men. The poor economy that existed in Italy at that time contributed a great deal to the migration of Italians. Italians upon reaching America used to settle in specific places. One of the regions that were dominated by Italians was nick named ‘Little Italy’. In ‘Little Italy’ the Italians there had good relations and interactions with each other. They enjoyed cooking their favorite foods that were quite different from what American citizens cooked. Italian’s food was richly spiced compared to that cooked by American Citizens. These included spiced sausages and Zeppole. Italian immigrants formed a common culture in ‘Little Italy’. Italian immigrants normally had very little money and very minimal sophistication. Most of the Italian neighborhoods were dominated by slums. The sanitation in the neighborhood was quite poor and un-admirable. Many of them suffered from many ailments due to the poor sanitation and overcrowding. During World War I it was difficult for Italians to migrate to United States. These Italian immigrants faced much discrimination based on their religion. Many of them were lynched. Five point three million Italians had moved to United States by the year 1978. Some of the Italian immigrants never intended to stay there for a long time. They just wanted to make money and then go back to their mother nation. Research however shows that only one Italian among four would manage to return to the home country. Many of the public schools in United States gave Italian immigrants children a new language to speak. The children found that the patriotic symbols differed from those in their home country. Some of them were even given new names that were Anglicized. This created a very big gap in the culture of Italian children compared to the culture embraced by their parents. With time many labor unions incorporated the Italian immigrants. This gave Italian immigrants a chance to get experience and therefore advanced their carriers. With time Italian –American immigrants started owning businesses. Some of them even became managers in industries and Companies in United States. Some of them like Enrico Caruso became artists. Culture A close looks at Italian –American Immigrants shows that they still hold onto their culture. This is clearly seen in the food that they eat. They still cook Italian food. Their food is very rich in spices compared to the food that is cooked in United States of America. This includes their Italian drinks which are still preferred by many Italian-American Immigrants. They still hold onto Italian art that is quite beautiful. Italian –American immigrants still hold their feasts that are really rich in their culture. Unlike Americans they are quite committed to their members of the extended families. They include cousins, uncles, grandparents and parents in laws etc. In these extended relations they include business relations which bond them together. In fact they marry their close relatives like first cousins. They are very committed to their families. During 1940s Italian –American immigrants had very big impacts to music industry in United States. This was also witnessed in the year 1970. They also had big influence to movies that were featured in United States. This was mostly common in movies that were culture based. It was quite evident because Italian words were incorporated in communication of the characters. However many of the characters were not always in a position to speak the language very fluently. This language has also been incorporated by television presenters in America. One thing that really amazes about Italian immigrant’s culture is their feasts. They were often carried out in ‘Little Italy’. These feasts include Our Lady of Mount Carmel ‘Giglio’ which is commonly celebrated in Williamsburg New York. This feast has been celebrated for more than one hundred and twenty five years in New Jersey. It is normally celebrated annually. There is also the San Gennaro feast that is usually held in New York. Another feast is known as St Joseph’s feast. These Italian feasts are very funny. They have displays on devotion that is done to patron saints and to God. The feasts are quite Italian based since they show their life approach. In the feasts communal meals are taken. They also include religious services. Others also incorporate games known as games of chance. These feasts give people the opportunity to show off their skills and prowess in various sectors like dancing. There are different statutes that are used in these feasts. Different kinds of jewels are normally shown off in these feasts. In fact in communities where they are practiced, they are taken very seriously. These feasts or celebrations take quite a long period of time like several days. The church community is the one that is responsible for the preparation of these feasts. These preparations take several months for all plans to be in order. Research shows that approximately three hundred Italian feasts are celebrated in United States. Millions of Americans from diverse backgrounds normally attend these feasts. In fact many of them concur that they enjoy Italian food. Religion Research shows that many Italian immigrants were Christians of catholic denomination when they were still in Italy. When these Italians migrated to United States, they even became more devout. This was quite evident even in their communication with friends, coworkers and employers. They introduced themselves as Catholics. This shows that they were very religious and a God fearing people. However there are also religious minorities that exist in Italy. They include Italian Jews, Greek Orthodox and also Greek Catholics. Even the celebrations that are carried out show their religion. An example is that which is celebrated on 19th March every year. This is called Saint Joseph’s day which includes parades. There is also Columbus Day that is also enjoyed by many Italian immigrants staying in United States. There is St. Januaris that is celebrated on 19th September. Many immigrants from Sicily celebrate Santa Rosalia on 4th of September every year. Saint Rocco’s is celebrated by immigrants who originated from Italy in a place known as Potenza. Most of Italian immigrants do celebrate the famous Christmas season. The Feast of the seven fishes is also included in their celebrations. Research shows that some of the Irish and German Catholic leaders discriminated against some of the Italian American Catholics. This forced them to leave the Catholic Church and join Episcopal. Current research carried out in United States shows that there are Italian-American immigrants that are not Catholics. In fact many of them have joined the Episcopal Church. Most of the immigrants claim there are many similarities between the two churches. There are also a number of immigrants that changed from catholic to Baptist church. This was accelerated by influence of neighborhood who attended the Baptist church.

Impact of Cyanobacteria Toxins

Impact of Cyanobacteria Toxins Introduction Cyanobacteria, or also known as blue-green algae is one of the bacteria phylum. It was classified as blue-green algae because it resembles eukaryotic green algae. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes which have the ability to synthesize chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a primarily absorbs most red and blue light, which allow cyanobacteria to obtain energy. This energy was then used to synthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water. Water is used as electron donor during the photosynthesis process and produces oxygen as a byproduct. Thus, the ability of cyanobacteria underwent the process of photosynthesis leading to the evolution of oxygen as they play an important role in increasing the amount of oxygen in Earth. Besides, cyanobacteria also called blue-green algae because of its ability to form the phycobilin pigment (phycocyanin). Phycocyanin is an accessory pigment where it works in conjunction with chlorophyll a. Phycocyanin pigment is the one that give bluish colour to cyanobacteria. According to Dittmann and Wiegand (2006), the lyses of a cyanobacterial bloom leads to release of high amounts of blue pigmented. However, the colour can degrade under condition of high exposure to light and heat (Jespersen et al., 2005). Because cyanobacteria are prokaryote, it is usually small and unicellular. Usually individual cyanobacteria are round, oval, globular or string-like in shape. However, cyanobacteria often growth in colonies and, thus are large and easily to view. These colonies are built of many layers and can form filaments, sheets or even hallow ball depend on its species and environmental condition. Cyanobacteria have been classified into five groups based on their morphologies. There are chrooccales (I), pleurocapsales (II), oscillatoriales (III), nostacales (IV) and stigonematales (V). Group l is unicellular cyanobacteria that divide by binary fusion or budding, while group II is unicellular form that divide by multiple fission. Then, group III is filamentous colonies that reproduce by trichome breakage (Henson, 2002). However, only groups IV and V are supported by phylogenetic studies and make up the heterocystous cyanobacteria. They have the ability to fix Nitrogen such as genera of Anabaena, Nostoc, and etc. Cyanobacteria are extremely successful organism that can adapt in any condition depend on its species. The fossil record shows their existence since 3.5 billion years ago and it are still around. According to Hitzfeld et al. (2000), the cyanobacteria inhabitants vary from hot springs to temporary frozen ponds in Antarctica. Cyanobacteria are gram negative that has cell wall made up of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide layers that surrounded by gelatinous and mucilaginous sheath. The presence of the gelatinous sheath may help in survival of cyanobacteria during extreme conditions and desiccation (Duy et al., 2000). Cyanobacteria mostly found in brackish, freshwater, rivers, lakes, ponds and some reservoirs. They commonly live in such condition to get access of water and sunlight, as they do the photosynthesis process. The high accumulation of cyanobacteria is due to nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). The eutrophication is the process of water bodies gets the excess of nutrient a nd this promotes extremely growth of cyanobacteria. This nutrient may come from many sources, such as fertilizers applied to agriculture, erosion of soil containing nutrients and etc. The excess of nutrient lead to massive population of cyanobacteria, include the blooms, scums, and mats and biofilms (Codd et al., 2005). The existence of cyanobacteria bloom can reduce dissolved oxygen in water and may cause other aquatic organisms died. Alperdoorn et al. (2007) suggest that complex interaction of high concentration of nutrients, sunlight, warm temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, salinity, carbon availability and slow-flowing stagnant water are involved in production of blooms. Besides, the bloom of cyanobacteria is related with toxins released. Purpose of study The purpose of study is to analyze the type of toxins produced by bloom of cyanobacterial. Growth of cyanobacteria bloom is favored by nutrient enrichment. The increase of mass population of cyanobacteria will lead to high amount of toxin produced. Then, relate how these toxins act in order to affect humans and animals health. Objectives of study Production and mode of action of cyanobacteria Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins in affects humans and animals -example case Routes of exposure Diseases in Humans and Animals Conclusion further work Production and mode of action of cyanobacteria toxins Properties of cyanobacterial toxins There are around 150 genera with about 2000 species of cyanobacteria has been recognized, as according to the current taxonomy. However, out of them, only 40 genera have been identified to produce toxins (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). The toxins produced by bloom of cyanobacteria are sometimes called cyanotoxins. The genera that release toxins from cyanobacteria bloom are include Microcystis, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Plankthothrix, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Raphidiopsis and Nodularia (Codd et al., 2005). Cyanotoxins are classified into two grouped, where one is based on their modes of toxin affect the animals cells or cell system, and the other one is based on their chemical composition and structure (Codd et al.,1999). The first grouped are divided into four types, which are hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxin and irritant toxins (Codd et al., 2005). However, the second grouped is classify into three different chemical structure which are cyclic peptides, alkaloids and lipopolysa ccharides (LPS) (Sivonen Jones 1999). The production of cyanotoxin are highly variable depends on time and an individual bloom itself. Besides, the arrangement of the genes and their expression under certain environmental condition also contribute in released the toxins. Hepatotoxins-cyclic peptides Hepatotoxins class has the chemical structure of cyclic peptides. These kinds of toxins are released by bloom of cyanobacteria that ranging from freshwater to oceans. Among the common hepatotoxins produced are mycrocystins and nodularins. Microcystin is first found in the early 1980 and isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Thus, the toxins were named as microcystin (Sivonen Jones 1999). Then, it was identified that microcystins also have been produced from the genera of Anabaena, Microcystis, Planktothrix, Nostoc and Anabaenopsis (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). Differ from microcystins, where nodularins only produced by the genera of Nodularia and were names as nodularins after its producer, Nodularia spumigena (Falconer 1998). Both are widespread cyanotoxins because the presence of gas vesicle that provides buoyancy. Gas vesicles enable them to float up or sink in order to get sunlight and reach the site of nutrient-rich layers (Dittmann Wiegand 2006). Enough of nutrient and sunlight en able the cyanobacteria to undergo the photosynthesis process and lead to excess growth. Therefore, the cyanotoxins of microcystins and nodularins could be produce enormously and can disturb the ecosystems Microcystins are difference from nodularins based on their chemical structure of cyclic peptides. The chemical structures of microcystins have been identified as cyclic heptapeptides, while nodularins has chemical structure of cyclic pentapeptides (Codd et al., 1999). Cyclic heptapeptides refer to microcystins that contain seven peptide-linked amino acids. There are five common amino acids and another two L-amino acids are varied (Park et al., 1993). The five common amino acids are D-erythro-ÃŽ ²-methylaspartic acid, D-alanine, N-methyldehydroalanine, D-glutamate and Adda-3-amino-9-methoxy-2, 6, 8-trimethyl- 10-phenyldeca-4, 6-dienoic acid. The variable L amino acids are located at position 2 and 4. The variable of L amino acids increased the variations in microcsytins structure and so far there are about 70 structural variables have been identified (Codd et al., 2005). Besides that, demethylation of D-erythro-ÃŽ ²-methylaspartic acid and N-methyldehydroalanine amino acids also give variation in microcystin structure. In contrast, only about 6 variant of nodularins structure have been recognized (Codd et al. 1999). Both microcystins and nodularins only release from cyanobacteria bloom once it was lyses. These toxins are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein phosphotases activity (Park et al., 1993). According to Codd et al, (2005), this inhibition can change the membrane integrity and causing tumor production and liver damage. Liver is the main targeting organ in this action of toxins. Neurotoxin-alkaloids Neurotoxins contain the chemical structure of alkaloids. Alkaloids are chemical compound that contains any basic nitrogen atoms and produced by cyanobacteria. It cause toxic that act on nerve cell (neuron). So far, three known families of neurotoxins are anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(S) and saxitoxins. Anatoxin-a acts by mimic acetylcholine, while anatoxin-a(S) inhibit acetylcholinesterase. Next, saxitoxins which relatively associated with paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) are works by block the sodium channels. These toxins have been reported found mostly in area of North America, Europe and Australia (Sivonen Jones 1999). Devlin et al. (1977), identified anatoxins-a as a secondary amine 2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo (4-2-1)non-2-ene. Anatoxin-a is usually released by Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena spp, Anabaena planktonica, Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon and Cylindrospermum (Sivonen and Jones, 1999). This toxins cause symptoms such as fasciculation, gasping and convulsion, when infection occurred in animals (Mazur et al., 2003). In contrast, Anatoxin-a(S) is guanidine methyl phosphate ester and produced by Anabaena flos-aquae and Anabaena lemmermannii (Codd et al., 2005). However, its structure still h as not been recognized. Sanitoxins are group of carbonate alkaloids and about 20 of structural variations has been recognized (Codd et al., 2005). Sanitoxins are produced by species of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis, Lyngbya, Planktothrix and Trichodesmium (Carmichael et al., 2001) Cytotoxin-alkaloids Cylindrospermopsin is the example of cytotoxin released and has been found in tropical and subtropical water such as in lakes, rivers and water supply reservoir (Falconer 1998). According to Hitzfeld et al (2000) and Codd et al (1999), cylindrospermopsin could also be categorized as hepatotoxins because it affects liver damage. However, Codd et al (2005) and Falconer (1998) have categorized it under cytotoxin class because its action as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. This inhibition cause damage to tissue that rapidly synthesize protein such as pituitary gland, epithelia including gut lining, the pancreas, lymphoid tissue and the prostate gland, as well as the kidneys and liver (Falconer 1998). This toxin is also genotoxic, which can cause loss of chromosome and break of DNA strand (Humpage et al 2000). Cylindrospermopsin is a cyclic guanidine alkaloid and has been isolated mainly from cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and also from Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Umezakia natans, Aphani zomenon flosaquae and Raphidiopsis curvata (Falconer and Humpage, 2006). Irritant toxins Irritant toxins are usually related with skin irritant (dermatoxin). Aplysiatoxin and lyngbyatoxin is alkaloid structure and both are the most toxins that cause skin irritation. Aplysiatoxin is produced by genera of Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Schizothrix whereas Lyngbyatoxin is produced by Lyngbya (Codd et al 1999). Aplysiatoxin also is potent tumour promoters and Lyngbyatoxin also caused severe oral and gastrointestinal inflammation (Sivonen and Jones, 1999). LPS endotoxin released by cyanobacteria is less potent than released by bacteria, such as Salmonella (Codd et al 1999). LPS is localized at outer membrane wall of cyanobacteria and contain lipid A that responsible for much of toxicity of cyanobacteria. LPS endotoxin in cyanobacteria is produced by Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Anabaena (Codd et al 1999). The signs and symptoms of this toxin are fever, rigors, headache, nausea, mild amnesia and diarrhea (Stewart et al., 2006). According to Codd et al (2005), it may contribute to inflammatory and gastrointestinal incidents. Toxin Chemical structure Producer Genera Primary target organ Hepatotoxins Microcystins Cyclic heptapeptides Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, Nostoc Anabaenopsis Liver Nodularins Cyclic pentaptides Nodularia Liver Neurotoxins Anatoxin-a Alkaloids Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermum Microcystis Nerve synapse Anatoxin-a(s) Alkaloids Anabaena Nerve synapse Saxitoxins Alkaloids Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Lyngbya Cylindrospermopsis Nerve axon Cytotoxins Cylindrospermosin Cyclic guanidine alkaloids Cylindrospermopsis, Aphanizomenon, Umezakia Rhapidiopsis Tissue damage include liver and kidney Irritant toxins Lyngbyatoxin Alkaloids Lyngbya Skin, GI tract Aplysiatoxin Alkaloids Lyngbya, Oscillatoria Schizothrix Skin Endotoxins LPS Microcystis, Oscillatoria Anabaena Potential irritant affect any exposed tissues Table 1: Updated from Codd et al. (1999) and Sivonen Jones (1999). This shows the summaries of general features of cyanotoxins. Occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins The cases of cyanotoxins affect humans and animals have been reported occurred throughout the world. This include part of Europe (such as Belgium, France, Germany, UK, etc), America (at least 27 states), Middle East and Asia (such as Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Thailand), Australasia (such as Australia, New Zealand), Africa (Botswana, Morocco) and also Marine Atlantic Ocean (Baltic Sea, Caribbean sea) and Antarctica (McMurdo Ice Shelf) (Codd et al., 2005). From the case reported, cyanatoxins affect animals, include wild and domestic mammals, birds, amphibians and fish, while human cases ranging from acute to chronic (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). The first case of cyanotoxins occurred in animals was the death of cattle, sheep, dogs, horses and pigs. This took placed in Lake Alexandrina, Australia in 1878. The death of these animals was due to drink the water that contains a scum of Nodularia spumigena (Francis, 1878) . After this case, numerous cases have been reported and most commonly involved death of farm animals after drinking the contaminated water with cyanobacterial bloom (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). For example, in 1991 the death of sheep has been recorded in Darling River, Australia. This death occurred after drinking from a farm dam contaminated with saxitoxins, released by Anabaena circinalis (Goodman et al., 1999). Besides, the cases of dog deaths after swimming in, or eating, cyanobacteria also occurred. In 1992, death of dogs at Loch Insh, Scotland happened after swimming was due to release of Anatoxin-a by Oscillatoria sp. into the water (Edwards et al., 1992). Among the earliest reported cases involving acute effect in humans was a series of town along the Ohio River, US in 1931. It start when the water of a side branch of the river develop a cyanobacteria bloom because of low rainfall. This water was then washed into the main river and caused a series of gastroenteritis once it moves downstream (Tisdale 1931). However, the toxins caused this outbreak is unknown and the organism that released this toxins was unspecified. Then, another case involving the same diseased, (gastroenteritis) was reported in Harare, Zimbabwe in 1966. This time Microcystis aeruginosa was the one that has been identified responsible in this case, but the toxins released was still not known (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). Children living in this area developed gastroenteritis each year as they use the water reservoir which contains a natural bloom of Microcystis (Zilberg 1966). The case of chronic effects in humans may be present due to short exposure to toxins (Goodman et al., 1999). The incidence in China, 1995 due to microcystins have lead to chronic of liver injury, hepatocellular carcinoma. This is primary cancer of the liver and most are secondary to hepatitis B infection. From the case analyzed, cyanobacteria are abundant in surface waters of south east China, where the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is highest. Thus, it has been concluded that microcystins in the drinking water are responsible for the increased of liver cancer (Falconer 1998). Compare to all cyanotoxins, cyclic peptides (mostly microcystins) has high risk because of their potential to develop diseases in long term time, even when exposed to low concentration of cyanotoxins. This was confirmed after examined all the cases reported, where the major injury is hepatotoxicosis, cause liver damage. In contrast, neurotoxin mostly shows acute effect in mammals (Goddman et al., 1999). Routes of exposure There are many ways where humans and animals can be exposed to cyanotoxins. From the cases reported, animals usually infected by cyanotoxins orally via drinking contaminated water. For instance, the case reported of cattle deaths in Alpine Lakes, Switzerland (1974-1994). The cattle died because of liver damage after drinking the water which contains bloom of cyanobacteria (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). Besides, human can get infection of cyanotoxins during the recreational activity involving direct contact with water such as swimming, canoeing and paddling (Apeldoorn et al., 2007). In 1989, UK, some of army recruits showed symptoms of infected by cyanotoxins after swimming and canoes training in water with dense bloom of Mocrocystis. The signs of symptoms were vomiting, diarrhea, blistering of the lips, sore throat and central abdominal pain (Turner et al., 1990). The person that worked in the area of water such as boatmen and environmental scientists are also easily to get infection. Acco rding to Dittmann and Wiegand (2006), the consumption of blue green algae containing food and dietary supplements, such as pills or capsules, also can lead to gain the toxicity of cyanobacteria. According to Codd et al (1999), there are four routes of exposure where human can get infection of cyanotoxins (Table 2). The first one is via oral routes, taken by ingestion during recreational activity, drinking water, food and dietary supplements that contain dried cyanotoxins. The oral route has caused the outbreak of many diseased, such as gastroenteritis and hepatoenteritis after drinking water (Codd et al 1999). Infection by pulmonary route occurs either by inhalation of cyanobacteria bloom during recreational activity or work practices in industrial spray water (Codd et al., 1999). Next, dermal route is associated with skin or mucosal contact the contaminated water. This can lead to skin irritation and allergic reaction. Lastly, haemodialysis route can occurred via water used in haemodialysis treatment. Among the cases of this route, is the case of major fatal incident at haemodialysis clinic in Caruaru, Brazil. This case happened in 1996, where the patients with dialysis tre atment were treated with water from local reservoir. All patients experienced symptoms of nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness and painful hepatomegaly. Then, these patients developed acute liver failure and acute neurotoxicity signs. From all the treated patients, 60 have been recorded as dead. Microcystins released by Aphanizomenon and Oscillatoria have been recognized as the toxins that responsible for this death (Codd et al., 1999). Exposure route Exposure medium Oral (ingestion) drinking water, recreational water, food (shellfish, finfish if toxin if toxin accumulation has occurred during production), dietary supplements (pills, capsules) if contains dried cyanobacterial cells with toxins. Pulmonary (inhalation, aspiration) water: aerosols, spray during recreation, work, showering Dermal water during recreation, work, showering (skin, mucosal contact) Haemodialysis water used for haemodialysis Table 2: Taken from Codd et al., 2005. This figure summaries the human exposure route and exposure medium for cyanotoxins. Diseases in Animals and Humans Hepatoenteritis Liver damage Hepatoenteritis is described as hepatitis-like illness, where associated with liver problem. This diseased can infect both human and animals. The outbreak of hepatoenteritis disease was reported in 1979 and occurred in Palm Island of the Queensland, Australia. Thus, this case also name as â€Å"Palm Island Mystery Disease† because the water drinking is supply from Palm Island reservoir (Ohtani et al., 1992). Investigation have shown that the reservoir contain the bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. This species released cylindrospermopsin and responsible for developed of severe hepatoenteritis among the 140 children and 10 adults. The common symptoms of this disease are malaise, anorexia, vomiting, painful liver enlargement, dehydration and bloody diarrhea. This toxin is very water soluble and infect into body by oral route via drinking water. According to Falconer and Humpage (2006), the mechanism of action for cylindrospermopsin is relatively slow. It work by inhibit pr otein synthesis at ribosome during the peptide chain elongation step. Besides, the toxins also released CYP450 oxidation that work to inhibit the glutathione synthesis. Both inhibitions caused major changes in liver, particularly hepatocytes. First, accumulation of ribosomes in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and followed by membrane proliferation. Next, the accumulation of lipid in the central portion of hepatic lobules and all this lead to severe liver necrosis (Duy et al., 2000). Kidney, lung, heart, spleen and thymus also might be affects. The toxins of microcystins are majorly involved in liver damage. Most of microcystins types are hydrophilic and thus, not able to penetrate vertebrate cell membrane. It only can uptake into cell membrane via transporter. Once the microcystins are uptake by mammals, it is transport into the blood from the ileum via bile acid type transporter, that present in hepatocytes (Apeldoorn et al 2007). As a result, the present of microcystins is higher in liver due to active uptake by hepatocytes. Once inside the hepatocytes, microcystins act as potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. These inhibitions cause changes in cytoskeletal proteins, and thus results in deformation of hepatocytes. The liver may undergo changes in term of a disruption of hepatocytes structure due to damage of cytoskeleton, loss of sinusoidal structure, increased in liver weight because of intrahepatic haemorrhage, heart failure and death. Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, where involved stomach and intestine. This diseased can be cause by infection from cyanobacteria bloom of Microcystis sp and Anabaena sp. Acording to Hitzfeld et al (2000), the cases of gastroenteritis that have been recorded due to cyanobacteria bloom were occured in Ohio River, US (1931), Harare, Zimbabwe (1966) and Itaparica Dam, Brazil (1993). However, the toxins that responsible for this diseased still remain unknown because lack of available toxin analysis method and knowledge of candidate toxins at the time (Codd et al., 1999). Recently, there is case where LPS endotoxin is responsible for gastroenteritis incidents (Codd et al., 2005). Gastroenteritis is categorized under acute effect and mostly results in diarrhea. Besides, the symptoms shows are nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, headaches and abnormal pain. Respiratory problem Neurotoxins effects can lead to progressive paralysis and death because of respiratory failure. The case of livestock death in Europe and the US have been reported due to anatoxin-a, released from the genera of Oscillatoria, Aphanizomenon and Anabaena (Falconer, 1998). Anatoxin-a acts as a potent postsynaptic depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, where it binds to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of neuromuscular junction (Goodman et al., 1999) .This cause postsynaptic sodium channel of neuron is remain open and lead to continuous stimulation of sodium ion influx and continuously generates action potential. Consequently, the muscle contraction is over react and might be followed by fatigue and respiratory failure (Dittmann and Wiegand, 2006). This toxin can cause rapidly death depending on the species and amount of toxin ingested. The clinical sign of this infection are muscle fasciculation, decreased movement, abdominal breathing, cyanosis, and death by respiratory fa ilure. Saxitoxins are another type of neurotoxins that can infect both human and animals. As mention before, the case of Darling River in Australia (1990-1991) involved the deaths of sheep and cattle due to saxitoxins. Then, in human, saxitoxins have been the cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Saxitoxins acts as a blocking agent of sodium channel in nerve axons. In mammals, this induces muscle paralyzed (respiratory muscle) and can follow by death due to respiratory failure (Apeldoorn et al., 2007). Skin irritation and allergic Lyngbya majuscula is one of the cyanobacteria that released aplysiatoxin and lyngbyatoxin. These toxins act as potent skin tumour promoters. Both toxins, especially aplysiatoxin, cause skin irritation after contact with bloom of Lyngbya majuscula. Swimmers of Hawaii and Okinawa got acute dermatitis (causing itch), erythematous wheals and desquamation after contact with Lyngbya majuscule (Codd et al., 1999). Besides, symptoms have included rashes, blisters, allergic reaction, asthma, conjunctivitis, and eye irritation. Conclusion The development of cyanobacterial bloom tends to be favored by nutrient enrichment (eutrophication). Therefore, enough nutrients will provide extremely growth of cyanobacteria bloom and thus, lead to high production of cyanotoxins once it is lyses. The most clearly study of toxins is microcystins due to widespread of its production among the cyanobacteria blooms. Besides, their existences that usually can be found in lakes, rivers and water supply reservoirs also lead to increased the chance to affect humans and animals health compare to the other toxins. As mention above, there are four routes where infection of cyanotoxins could occurs, which are by oral route, dermal route, pulmonary route and lastly via haemodialysis route. Once the toxins get inside humans and animals, they will start reacts and disturb the system inside the body according to its modes of actions. Therefore, it leads to outbreak of many diseased such as hepatoenteritis, gastroenteritis, respiratory problem and s kin irritation and allergic. However, till now there are some mechanism of toxins that still not understood, such as lyngbyatoxins (Goodman et al., 1999).Then, further work also need to be done in order to solve the cases of unknown toxic affect humans and animals that have been recorded. For example, the case of the outbreak of gastroenteritis diseased occurred in Ohio River, US (1931), Harare, Zimbabwe (1966) and Itaparica, Dam, Brazil (1993), where no actual toxins have been identified (Hitzfeld et al., 2000). 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